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1.
Med. infant ; 24(4): 320-324, dic. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-878278

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las meningitis bacterianas en niños son causa de importante morbimortalidad. Los principales agentes etiológicos son Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae y Haemophilus influenzae. En los últimos años, luego de la introducción sucesiva de vacunas conjugadas al calendario nacional de inmunizaciones, se ha visto un cambio en la epidemiología de estas infecciones. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y evolutivas de los niños hospitalizados con meningitis bacteriana confirmada microbiológicamente entre 2011 y 2016 en un hospital de tercer nivel de complejidad. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron niños entre 1 mes de vida y 17 años con cuadro clínico compatible con meningitis bacteriana y cultivo positivo y/o PCR en líquido cefalorraquídeo y/o hemocultivos positivos para Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae y Haemophilus influenzae b. Se registraron las características demográficas, clínicas y evolutivas hasta los 30 días del egreso. Se utilizó mediana y rango intercuartilo (RIC) para variables continuas y porcentaje para variables categóricas. Se utilizó Stata 10. Resultados: n=65. Edad: mediana de 9 meses (RIC 4-35). Varones: 58% (n=38). Se identificó Neisseria meningitidis en un 48% (n=31), Haemophilus influenzae b en un 26% (n=17) y Streptococcus pneumoniae en un 26% (n=17). El 26% (n=17) de los pacientes presentaba alguna comorbilidad. Tuvieron hemocultivos positivos el 62% (n = 40) de los pacientes y 86% (n=55) de los líquidos cefalorraquídeos. Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento antimicrobiano con ceftriaxona tanto como tratamiento empírico como definitivo y 92% (n=60) recibieron corticoides empíricos. La mediana de días de internación fue de 11 (RIC 8-17). El 28% (n=18) requirió cuidados intensivos, y el 8% (n=5) falleció. Durante el período de estudio se observó que la frecuencia de meningitis por Streptococcus pneumoniae disminuyó en el final del estudio (9% en 2016 vs 60% en 2011), mientras que la frecuencia de meningitis por Neisseria meningitidis en 2016 fue mayor que al inicio del período (64% en 2016 vs. 40% en 2011). La frecuencia de identificación de Haemophilus influenzae b se mantuvo estable. Conclusiones: Las meningitis bacterianas confirmadas por Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae y Haemophilus influenzae b prevalecieron en niños menores de 12 meses. En esta cohorte se observó un predominio de las infecciones por Neisseria meningitidis en los últimos años, y una disminución en la frecuencia de meningitis por Streptococcus pneumoniae en el período post introducción de la vacuna conjugada 13 valente al calendario nacional de inmunizaciones. (AU)


Introduction: In children, bacterial meningitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The main etiological agents are Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Over the last years, the successive introduction of conjugated vaccines in the national immunization calendar has led to a change in the epidemiology of these infections. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological features and outcome of children admitted because of microbiologically confirmed meningitis seen between 2011 and 2016 at a tertiary care hospital. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Children between 1 month of life and 17 years of age with clinical features compatible with bacterial meningitis and positive cultures and/or PCR in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or positive blood cultures for Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae b were included. Demographic, clinical, and outcome features were recorded until 30 days after discharge. Median and interquartile range (IQR) were calculated for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. The Stata 10 program was used. Results: n=65. Age: median was 9 months (IQR 4-35). Boys: 58% (n=38). Neisseria meningitidis was identified in 48% (n=31), Haemophilus influenzae b in 26% (n=17), and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 26% (n=17). Overall, 26% (n=17) of the patients presented with comorbidities. Positive blood cultures were found in 62% (n = 40) and positive CSF cultures in 86% (n=55) of the patients. All patients received antimicrobial treatment with ceftriaxone both empirically and as final treatment and corticosteroids were empirically started in 92% (n=60). Median hospital stay was 11 days (IQR 8-17). Overall, 28% (n=18) required intensive care and 8% (n=5) of the patients died. The incidence of meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae was observed to diminish at the end of the study period (9% in 2016 vs 60% in 2011), while the incidence of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis in 2016 was higher than at the end of the study period (64% in 2016 vs. 40% in 2011). The frequency of identification of Haemophilus influenzae b remained stable. Conclusions: Confirmed bacterial infections due to Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae b were prevalent in infants younger than 12 months of age in this cohort of patients. Infections due to Neisseria meningitidis predominated over the last years and the incidence of meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae diminished after the introduction of the 13 valent conjugated vaccine was introduced in the national immunization calendar.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity , Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Meningitis, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid , Meningitis, Bacterial/prevention & control , Meningitis, Bacterial/epidemiology , Haemophilus influenzae type b/pathogenicity , Neisseria meningitidis/pathogenicity
2.
Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2009; 12 (4): 243-247
in Persian | IMEMR | ID: emr-91122

ABSTRACT

Adenoid hypertrophy and its complications such as otitis media and sinusitis are common problems in childhood. Rapic and appropriate detection of interfering microorganisms in chronic nasopharyngitis is very important for better medical and surgical interventions. The aims of this study were to detect major core adenoidal microorganisms and to compare similarity of pernasal and oropharyngeal cultures with adenoidal culture, and also to compare bacteriological resistance in patients with and without complications. In this descriptive study, 50 patients with adenoid hypertrophy and chronic nasopharyngitis were recruited and divided into 2 groups: group I [n=25] with complications such as otitis media with effusion and group II [n=25] without complication. All patients underwent adenoidectomy. A pressure equalizing tube was inserted for patients in group I. The smear and culture specimens were collected for bacteriological study. After 26 months of prospective bacteriological study on 50 patients with adenoidal enlargement, major results were as follow: the most common adenoidal growing microorganisms in two groups of patients, in decreasing frequency were hemophilus influenza. Type B beta hemolytic streptococcus and staphylococcus auresus. Pernasal smear and culture results were more similar than oropharyngeal results to core adenoidal cultures [p<0.01]. 70.1% of adenoidal microorganisms in group I patients and 21.2% in group II patients were resistant to ordinary antibiotics [without anti-betalactamase activity] [P<0.0001]. For better medical management of chronic nasopharyngitis [pre and/or post adenoidectomy], were recommend that in antibiotic selection, the hemophilus influenza type B should be considered as the major growing organism. Pernasal culturing is more appropriate for detection of interfering microorganisms. In complicated patients [cases or otitis media with effusion and /or sinusitis] it is advisable to use more potent antibiotics with anti-betalactamase activity. For infection control in non-complicated patients, use of ordinary antibiotics can reduce the resistance to potent antibiotics in general population


Subject(s)
Humans , Nasopharyngitis/drug therapy , Haemophilus influenzae type b/growth & development , Infection Control/methods , Methods , Haemophilus influenzae type b/pathogenicity , Streptococcus , Adenoidectomy
4.
Medical Principles and Practice. 2000; 9 (3): 198-204
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-54688

ABSTRACT

Aim: In this retrospective study, 20 cases of Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib] meningitis were analysed to assess the outcome of treatment. Bacteriologically proven cases of meningitis due to Hib were included in this study. The clinical and relevant laboratory data were retrieved from the hospital files. Thirteen patients were treated with a combination of cefotaxime and ampicillin, 4 with cefotaxime, 2 with ceftriaxone and 1 with a combination of ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Only 9 children received concomitant dexamethasone. Nine [45%] cases experienced permanent defervescence within 4 days of admission and were discharged from the hospital after an average stay of 10.5 days. The overall rates of secondary [25%], persistent [5%] and prolonged fever [25%] were observed with an average number of days in hospital of 20.4, 20.0 and 22.8, respectively. Although there was no mortality, there is still a need for appropriate short-duration therapy which will help in bringing about a decline in febrile episodes, thereby reducing cost of management and hospital stay


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Treatment Outcome , Haemophilus influenzae type b/pathogenicity , Child , Fever
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 16(supl. 1): 56-63, 1999. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-255270

ABSTRACT

La importancia epidemiológica, clínica y social de las enfermedades invasoras causadas por H. influenzae tipo b (Hib) en pediatría, ha sido estudiada en Chile desde hace años. Las vacunas conjugadas anti Hib han demostrado ser una poderosa herramienta en el control de la patología infantil debida a Hib. Entre 1989 y 1993 se realizaron estudios con vacunas conjugadas anti Hib que contemplaron la inmunogenicidad, eficacia, efectividad y seguridad. Paralelamente se analizó los efectos de la coadministración con DPT. Los resultados favorables de estos estudios y la permanente preocupación de los expertos condujo al Ministerio de Salud de Chile a incorporar al Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones la vacuna conjugada anti Hib, a partir del 01/07/96. El impacto de la vacunación sistemática se ha traducido en una disminución acentuada de las enfermedades invasoras causadas por Hib desde un estimado de 578 casos notificados en 1996, 48 en 1997 y 19 en 1998. La vacunación anti Hib en Chile ha significado un importante avance de salud pública y lo logrado con el programa señala que las estrategias desarrolladas han sido correctas y sirven de modelo para nuevas acciones de salud pública infantil


Subject(s)
Humans , Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology , Haemophilus influenzae type b/immunology , Haemophilus Vaccines , Chile/epidemiology , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine , Haemophilus influenzae type b/pathogenicity , Immunization Programs , Vaccines, Conjugate
6.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 69(4): 152-5, jul.-ago. 1998. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-233051

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: describir las causas, evolución y complicaciones de la meningitis bacteriana aguda. Pacientes y método: en una encuesta retrospectiva a 14 unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos se registraron 358 pacientes que reunían los criterios de diagnóstico de meningitis bacteriana aguda (MBA) durante 1996. Resultados: en 36,6 por ciento la etiología fue Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae en 19,8 por ciento y Haemophilus influenzae tipo b en 16 por ciento. En 21 por ciento no se aisló el agente. La letalidad fue 3,5 por ciento para N. meningitidis; 14 por ciento para S. pneumoniae y 3 por ciento para H. influenzae tipo b. De las 358 pacientes, 21 por ciento se hospitalizaron en sala común durante toda su evolución. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron falla circulatoria o choque (35 por ciento), convulsiones (22 por ciento) e hipertensión intracraneana (18 por ciento). Se uso asistencia respiratoria mecánica en 31 por ciento de los pacientes, variando su empleo de 9 a 71 por ciento según centro. Fallecieron 23 pacientes (6,3 por ciento), 40 por ciento antes de 24 h desde el ingreso, 60,8 por ciento por hipertensión intracraneana y enclavamiento encefálico, 30,8 por ciento por falla circulatoria. Conclusión: los niños con meningitis bacteriana aguda deben ingresar a unidades de cuidados intensivos en las primeras 24 horas. Se requiere uniformar criterios de asistencia mecánica a la respiración


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Haemophilus influenzae type b/pathogenicity , Meningitis, Bacterial/etiology , Neisseria meningitidis/pathogenicity , Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity , Haemophilus influenzae type b/isolation & purification , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Intracranial Hypotension , Meningitis, Bacterial/complications , Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Meningitis, Bacterial/therapy , Neisseria meningitidis/isolation & purification , Respiration, Artificial , Retrospective Studies , Seizures , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification
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